- Amps to kW calculator
- Amps to kVA calculator
- Amps to VA calculator
- Amps to volts calculator
- Amps to watts calculator
- Electricity bill calculator
- Energy consumption calculator
- Energy cost calculator
- eV to volts calculator
- Joules to watts calculator
- Joules to volts calculator
- kVA to amps calculator
- kVA to watts calculator
- kVA to kW calculator
- kVA to VA calculator
- kW to amps calculator
- kW to volts calculator
- kW to kWh calculator
- kW to VA calculator
- kW to kVA calculator
- kWh to kW calculator
- kWh to watts calculator
- mAh to Wh calculator
- Ohm's Law calculator
- Power calculator
- Power factor calculator
- VA to amps calculator
- VA to watts calculator
- VA to kW calculator
- VA to kVA calculator
- Voltage divider calculator
- Voltage drop calculator
- Volts to amps calculator
- Volts to watts calculator
- Volts to kW calculator
- Volts to joules calculator
- Volts to eV calculator
- Watts-volts-amps-ohms calculator
- Watts to amps calculator
- Watts to joules calculator
- Watts to kWh calculator
- Watts to volts calculator
- Watts to VA calculator
- Watts to kVA calculator
- Wh to mAh calculator
- Wire gauge calculator
Saturday, May 30, 2020
Electrical Calculators
Online Electrical Calculators - RapidTables
Monday, May 11, 2020
Controlled Volume NPI - TTM
TTM is one of my favorite fabricators. TTM has great customer service and excellent stackup designers. Advanced and Engineering Capabilities.
So what is "Controlled Volume NPI" ?
This just a another buzzword for cutting edge (advanced) capabilities.
Example Controlled Volume NPI Design Technology:
Drill / Pad = 8 / 16mil (0.2 / 0.4mm) Thru-Hole Vias with VIPPO
Trace / Space = 3 / 3.25mil
As the title implies this is not high volume production. It is for low volume specialty designs which require special handling by a highly experienced fabricator with advanced capabilities.
And it's going to be a bit more expensive $$$
That's It !
So what is "Controlled Volume NPI" ?
This just a another buzzword for cutting edge (advanced) capabilities.
Example Controlled Volume NPI Design Technology:
Drill / Pad = 8 / 16mil (0.2 / 0.4mm) Thru-Hole Vias with VIPPO
Trace / Space = 3 / 3.25mil
As the title implies this is not high volume production. It is for low volume specialty designs which require special handling by a highly experienced fabricator with advanced capabilities.
And it's going to be a bit more expensive $$$
That's It !
Monday, May 4, 2020
10A 0402 Zero Ohm Resistor
For those times when you need a bigger zero ohm 0402 resistor :)
All zero ohm resistors are not equal and some maybe good fuses if your not careful.
KOA comes to the rescue. See KOA P/N TLRZ1ETTB
click on image to view.
That's it !
All zero ohm resistors are not equal and some maybe good fuses if your not careful.
KOA comes to the rescue. See KOA P/N TLRZ1ETTB
click on image to view.
That's it !
PCIE Express - AC Coupling Capacitors
click on image to view
Source: https://community.nxp.com/thread/463277
Other Refs:
xilinx - https://www.xilinx.com/support/answers/58921.html
Stack Exchange - Why Place Capacitors on PCIE Traces
That's it !
Source: https://community.nxp.com/thread/463277
Other Refs:
xilinx - https://www.xilinx.com/support/answers/58921.html
Stack Exchange - Why Place Capacitors on PCIE Traces
Intel - 1.4.1.4. AC Coupling Capacitor
That's it !
Thursday, February 20, 2020
Saturday, November 23, 2019
PADS Designer - Unable to open iCDB connection. Solution #1 - YouTube
(10) PADS Designer - Unable to open iCDB connection. Solution #1 - YouTube
Solution 1
Solution 2
Select System Tools
Open Backup
Run Repair
Close and restart PADs
Thank you Pavel Serenok !
Solution 1
Solution 2
Select System Tools
Open Backup
Run Repair
Close and restart PADs
Thank you Pavel Serenok !
Saturday, May 11, 2019
Differential Pairs - Practical Design Constraints
High-speed
Differential Pair phase matching is length matching within the Differential Pair.
• Value of Tr can be obtained from Ramp keywords from component IBIS (Input/Output Buffer Informational Specification) model. Rise/fall time parameters under Ramp keywords are generally measured at output port connected with a resistor of 50Ω, which are usually 20% to 80% of final voltage time. Since the parameters are obtained without considering the influence of package, it's strict for us to use rise/fall time as the value of Tr.
• The value of Tr can be estimated according to the minimum clock frequency or maximum clock frequency of output signals. Because distributive rise edge is approximately 10% of clock frequency in most high-speed digital systems, the value of Tr can be estimated with the minimum clock period Tclk provided based on formula: Tr = Tclk x 10%."
Source (link): PcbCart
Differential Pair phase matching is length matching within the Differential Pair.
Practical High-speed Phase Matching is ~5% of the fastest transition time where the transition time is the rise or fall time, which ever edge is the fastest.
Below is a quote from PcbCart.
"Therefore, in the process of high-speed PCB design, relative delay of differential signal line in the routing regulation rules can be set to be 0.05 Tr (5% of fastest transition time) that is capable of meeting the requirement of signal integrity."
"The following three methods can be applied to obtain the value of Tr:
• Rise/fall time can be directly obtained from component manuals. However, in most situations, this parameter isn't provided.
"The following three methods can be applied to obtain the value of Tr:
• Rise/fall time can be directly obtained from component manuals. However, in most situations, this parameter isn't provided.
• Value of Tr can be obtained from Ramp keywords from component IBIS (Input/Output Buffer Informational Specification) model. Rise/fall time parameters under Ramp keywords are generally measured at output port connected with a resistor of 50Ω, which are usually 20% to 80% of final voltage time. Since the parameters are obtained without considering the influence of package, it's strict for us to use rise/fall time as the value of Tr.
• The value of Tr can be estimated according to the minimum clock frequency or maximum clock frequency of output signals. Because distributive rise edge is approximately 10% of clock frequency in most high-speed digital systems, the value of Tr can be estimated with the minimum clock period Tclk provided based on formula: Tr = Tclk x 10%."
Source (link): PcbCart
Differential Isometric Processing and Simulation Verification of High-Speed Design
Here's some simple methods for calculating the 5% phase matching tolerance.
Using the Saturn PCB Toolkit
Select the Wavelength Calculator tab, select Period and input the transition time (Rise or Fall Time), slide the Wavelength Divider to 1/20 (note 1/20 = 5%).
click on image to view
If you can not find the transition time enter 1/10 of the clock period or enter the frequency multiplied by 10 and slide the Wavelength Divider to 1/20.
Note 1/20 = 5%.
click on image to view
The frequency was multiplied by 10 because the transition time is approximately equal to 10% of the clock period and time is the reciprocal of frequency.
The period of 8000MHz is 1/8000Mhz = 125pSec
The period (reciprocal) of 800MHz is 1/800Mhz = 1.25nSec
The transition time (Rise or Fall time) is typically equal to the clock period divided by 10.
Low-speed
Next let's look at a Low Voltage Low Speed (32MHz) Differential Pair.
See Datasheet Page 6. AM26LV31E Low Voltage Differential Line Driver
click on image to view
Note that the typical signal transition time (Tr) is 5nSec or 5000pSec.
5% of 5nSec = 0.25nSec = 250pSec
For typical FR4 with an Effective Er of 4 each pSec equals appropriately 6mils of trace.
Using this 5% of Tr thumb rule we have 250pSec * 6mils =1.5 inches for phase length matching the low-speed differential pairs.
click on image to view
Related Links:
See page 6 of this article by Lee Ritchey.
"LVDS is specified as working properly with length mismatches of 400 pSec. Converting this to a length results in a tolerance of approximately ±1200 mils or ±1.2 inches. Clearly, imposing a length matching requirement of ±10 mils is excessively tight."
Source: https://www.speedingedge.com/PDF-Files/DiffSigDesign.pdf
Here's some simple methods for calculating the 5% phase matching tolerance.
Using the Saturn PCB Toolkit
Select the Wavelength Calculator tab, select Period and input the transition time (Rise or Fall Time), slide the Wavelength Divider to 1/20 (note 1/20 = 5%).
click on image to view
Note 1/20 = 5%.
click on image to view
The frequency was multiplied by 10 because the transition time is approximately equal to 10% of the clock period and time is the reciprocal of frequency.
The period of 8000MHz is 1/8000Mhz = 125pSec
The period (reciprocal) of 800MHz is 1/800Mhz = 1.25nSec
The transition time (Rise or Fall time) is typically equal to the clock period divided by 10.
Low-speed
Next let's look at a Low Voltage Low Speed (32MHz) Differential Pair.
See Datasheet Page 6. AM26LV31E Low Voltage Differential Line Driver
click on image to view
Note that the typical signal transition time (Tr) is 5nSec or 5000pSec.
5% of 5nSec = 0.25nSec = 250pSec
For typical FR4 with an Effective Er of 4 each pSec equals appropriately 6mils of trace.
Using this 5% of Tr thumb rule we have 250pSec * 6mils =1.5 inches for phase length matching the low-speed differential pairs.
click on image to view
Related Links:
See page 6 of this article by Lee Ritchey.
"LVDS is specified as working properly with length mismatches of 400 pSec. Converting this to a length results in a tolerance of approximately ±1200 mils or ±1.2 inches. Clearly, imposing a length matching requirement of ±10 mils is excessively tight."
Source: https://www.speedingedge.com/PDF-Files/DiffSigDesign.pdf
That's it !
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